Late last spring, people went crazy for Cairo.

The Navy SEAL dog played an integral role in the special operations team to find Osama Bin Laden, and was an instant celebrity in mainstream media after the May 1 mission. Talk about how well Cairo was trained, speculation on its breed, the gear it wore while parachuting into the compound and the quest for more details about his role that day, ran rampant.

While a dog playing the incredible hero that Cairo played during that important mission was a revelation to many, Cynthia M. Otto, DVM, PhD, associate professor at Penn Vet and director of the Penn Vet Working Dog Center, was not surprised.

“Dogs have had multiple jobs historically in wartime settings,” she said. “Sentry dogs were used in the Second World War, and now detection dogs are one of the most vital jobs in the military. Dogs’ sense of smell is so much better than ours and they can readily detect improvised explosive devices (IED) and trip wires.”

History of Working Dogs

Researchers say that dogs were domesticated approximately 15,000 years ago and played several roles to their human companions. From comradeship to hunting, herding and protecting, dogs have been a pivotal addition to human lives.

“It’s difficult to know what the earliest relationships between dogs and people were like, but it seems that wolves may have been domesticated first as social companions before they came to be exploited for other more practical purposes,” said James Serpell, BSc, PhD, director of the Center for the Interaction of Animals and Society at Penn Vet. “Soon after that, however, their working capabilities were recognized and put to use.”

And so a variety of jobs were found for our canine companions and the field grew and developed into more sophisticated roles. Today, for example, detection dogs help find lost or trapped people, human remains, explosive devices and illicit drugs. Dogs are also used to assist human efforts during major disasters, wartime and border protection. Started in 1962, the Philadelphia Police Department was one of the first K9 units in the country.

“The biggest thing we use our K9 unit for is building searches,” said Larry Love, a handler/trainer with the Philadelphia Police Department’s K9 Unit, of which he’s been a team member since 1986. “For example, if we are looking for a burglar in a school, you need two or three officers to cover a floor, but you would only need one dog that could indicate the location of the burglar. It’s more time-consuming with manpower. Dogs save manpower and time.”

In Philadelphia, K9 dogs undergo 14 weeks of basic training, then 10 weeks of scent training for a total of 960 hours. K9 teams conduct 16 hours per month maintenance training after graduating and dogs live with their handlers.

“It takes six months to get a dog on the street,” said Love, who is working with his fifth dog, Duke, a German shepherd. “We purchase dogs with very basic training.”

Love says, too, that often, requests for K9 assistance increase when there is a disaster. He said that after the shooting at Columbine, Philadelphia ramped up its K9 presence in schools and after September 11 there was an overall increase in the need for these dogs.

And it was after the September 11 terrorist attacks that Dr. Otto became even more involved with these dogs.

Ensuring the Health of Canine Helpers

Monitoring Responders’ Health

As an on-the-ground responder to work with the search and rescue dogs who served at Ground Zero, Dr. Otto launched a longitudinal study, still ongoing and funded by the American Kennel Club’s Companion Animal Recovery (AKC CAR), whereby she would follow the responding dogs and monitor any of their health problems. Out of the 300 dogs that responded, about 25 percent are still living.

“In the 9/11 study so far, we didn’t see major impact on the respiratory system, but dogs don’t get asthma so they aren’t a good model for that,” said Dr. Otto. “They have a better filtering system in their noses than people so maybe that’s why their respiratory system wasn’t affected.”

There was, however, a trend in the heart.

“There is X-ray and some post-mortem evidence that there is a change in the heart in these dogs who serve,” said Dr. Otto. “The pollution may have contributed in those changes rather than in respiratory changes. Understanding these changes may also be important for people.”

Finding a DNA Fingerprint

Another of Dr. Otto’s projects involves building a DNA Bank and Health Registry database, which may shed some light on a dog’s capacity to work. So far, the Bank houses more than 300 samples. It’s work that the AKC CAR has supported.

The idea is that if a genetic fingerprint is found in these working dogs, information can be applied to help search and rescue organizations, law enforcement, breeders and handlers to identify factors contributing to the success of these vital dogs.

“If we know the DNA fingerprint we may be able to look at shelter dogs to pull to work, too,” said Dr. Otto.

Because approximately only 30 percent of dogs entering detection-training programs are successful, this is important information that can be used to assist in breeding selection and the creation of more successful working canines.

Data collected includes blood samples for DNA and serum banking for dogs trained to detect live humans, cadavers, explosives or drugs; pedigrees/blood lines; training information; behavioral assessments; health assessments; training certifications and updates. Dr. Otto will use this data to perform genotyping of markers throughout the canine genome to detect linkages between health and working traits and specific regions of the genome.

In addition to her studies, Dr. Otto also started a semiannual conference for working dog handlers. This year’s conference “Defining, Developing and Documenting Success in Working Dogs,” took place in Pearl River, New York and featured experts from around the world who discussed puppy selection and development; performance testing and certification; and physical conditioning of working dogs.

“Our mission is to share the knowledge available to improve the health, breeding and performance of working dogs,” said Dr. Otto. “The US gets most of its dogs from Eastern Europe and often, they aren’t the best of the best,” said Dr. Otto. “They’re good – really good – but we don’t know how they are being bred and trained. This work will help us know which dogs to invest in and allow us to be self-sufficient in supplying domestically produced dogs as they’re needed.”

Taking Early Retirement

In some instances, working dogs are retiring themselves early.

These dogs, guide and service dogs, have jobs that assist the blind or physically handicapped and most are either German shepherd dogs, Labrador retrievers, golden retrievers or LR x GR crosses. According to Dr. Serpell, studies have shown that up to 20 percent of these kinds of guide dogs give up their work after only a short period of time.

“One to three years into the job, they seem to give up,” said Dr. Serpell. “It’s not clear to these organizations why that is. We want to predict why it is happening because training these dogs is expensive and time-consuming.”

Dr. Serpell thinks early retirement might be because offering guidance was not something dogs were bred for and is not an innate ability.

“There were two primary potential uses for which dogs seemed to have an innate ability,” said Dr. Serpell. “To defend a territory and to be a predator. In most working dogs, we exploit one or both of these traits. But, in the modern use of guide and service dogs, we are trying to develop dogs with behavior that is suitable for a specialty that isn’t in their original makeup.”

For decades, organizations like The Seeing Eye have been breeding dogs for a specific purpose of helping blind people in their day-to-day routines.

To help organizations like these and to provide dog owners with standardized evaluations of canine temperament and behavior to help predict a dog’s success in filling certain roles, Dr. Serpell and his team at the Center for Interaction of Animals and Society worked to create the Canine Behavioral Assessment and Research Questionnaire – or C-BARQ – currently the only behavioral assessment instrument of its kind to be extensively tested for reliability and validity on large samples of dogs of many breeds.

While many of these guide dog organizations use the C-BARQ regularly, Dr. Serpell wanted to take this work further to help to identify why so many of these dogs retire early.

So now, he and his team are working with organizations on an ongoing, three-year study with the aim to identify early-retirement causes. About a year-and-a-half into the work, the study asks end users of dogs to provide feedback through behavior measurement tools – like questionnaires and surveys -- at predetermined time points.

“We are trying to find out about the dog’s life at home, the attention they receive, their lifestyle, how much off-leash time they have,” said Dr. Serpell.

Questions address a handler’s working relationship with their dog, satisfaction with a dog’s behavior while working and while off-duty, and a handler’s non-working relationship with their dog, among others. In addition, the environment exposures of the dog and the handler are taken into consideration.

“Some of these dogs are attacked by other dogs,” said Dr. Serpell. “Some of them don’t have a lot of down time. We hope to offer constructive suggestions [to guide dog organizations] that will help them manipulate a dog’s environment and improve their rate of success and keep up with the need for these dogs.”

In addition to periodic questionnaires and surveys, Dr. Serpell’s team is collecting fur samples, which will be measured for cortisol levels. The higher the cortisol, the higher the likelihood of physical and emotional stress a dog may be feeling.

Why Vets Need to be Involved

In all of this work, veterinary expertise is paramount.

The results from Dr. Otto’s first five years of the longitudinal 9/11 study will help to better equip veterinarians who care for dogs that work under similarly unique conditions and are exposed to toxic risks. In addition, it’s the watchful eye of a veterinarian that can speak for the canine workers in times of disaster response. Results from the continuing study may identify factors that contribute to mortality in dogs and humans. One intriguing result is that the search dogs, in general, are living to be 12 on average with many living to be as old as 16. This suggests that the mental and physical fitness and purpose of these dogs actually enhances their well being.

“September 11 was the classic example of when veterinarians need to be on-site,” said Dr. Otto. “At some points, the welfare of the dog was not foremost and they were overloaded. Vets need to know when to intervene. Are the dogs dehydrated? Are the dogs eating enough? What are the potential hazards they’re facing? They’re always grooming – what might they be ingesting that might be toxic?”

Dr. Serpell agrees that it is up to the profession to advocate for these working canines.

“In military and working dogs, they are doing things they love anyway,” said Dr. Serpell. “Searching for stuff provides its own rewards. For guide dogs, it’s unclear how much they are being rewarded, but it seems as if a lot are perfectly happy. Dogs seem to be hard-wired to do things to please us. It’s innate. We’ve selected for this [in their breeding] and they just want to do anything they can to please us.”

“Dogs were bred to do work,” said Dr. Otto. “They need that mental stimulation. We just need to make sure they can work safely in these kinds of environments.”

Putting a Plan in Place

Dr. Lisa Murphy’s expertise is called on to help animals while protecting people in Japan.

By Sally Silverman

On April 29, six weeks after the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant began leaking radiation following the devastating earthquake and tsunami in Japan, Lisa Murphy, VMD traveled to the country to assist in relief efforts.

Dr. Murphy, an assistant professor at Penn Vet, was part of a team dispatched by the International Fund for Animal Welfare (IFAW ) at the invitation of the Fukushima Prefecture Department of the Environment. The goal was to assist rescue groups, veterinary associations and government agencies to determine the best way to cope with animals affected. Part of the group addressed agricultural livestock, another subgroup dealt with wildlife and Dr. Murphy’s team focused on companion animals.

While the Japanese are devoted to their pets, and companion animals are living in homes in increasing numbers, there was no plan for their care when disaster struck. In addition, there was little understanding of the effects of radiation. While displaced residents longed to be reunited with their pets, concerns about whether the animals were contaminated, and how that could impact their owners, were very real.

Planning for Disaster

Dr. Murphy was involved in the care of animals after Hurricane Katrina, as well as in the medical treatment of search and rescue dogs following 9/11. Since 1993 she has been a member of the American Veterinary Medical Association’s (AV MA) Veterinary Medical Assistance Team (VMAT ).

“During a disaster or emergency we can be called upon to do pretty much anything a veterinarian’s qualified to do and that’s how we’ve been trained,” said Dr. Murphy.

It’s that training that made Dr. Murphy a go-to expert to respond to the disaster in Japan.

Research has shown that up to 30 percent of evacuees attempt to re-enter a disaster zone to rescue pets. It was known that rogue rescue groups in Japan were entering restricted zones without protection, exposing themselves and others to chemical, biological and radioactive contaminants. This was a human health and safety issue as well as an animal welfare issue.

“You can’t see radiation, or smell it or taste it,” said Dr. Murphy. “With people, you can remove 90 percent of external radioactive contamination by removing clothing. You can’t do that with dogs and cats.”

Dr. Murphy co-chairs the National Alliance of State Animal and Agricultural Emergency Programs (NASAAEP) best practices working group responsible for developing guidelines for animal decontamination. Deciding on the team to travel to Japan, Dick Green, EdD, emergency relief manager-disasters for IFAW , said that radiation expertise was key.

“In most of our responses,” he explained, “we don’t have a vet with us but have access to a veterinarian, back at the receiving end, who can triage an animal.”

He emphasizes the importance of having a planning committee comprised of people with the knowledge and experience on the impact of radiation on humans and animals.

“This is huge from an animal welfare standpoint,” said Green, “and huge as far as the potential impact on all species.”

Creating Guidelines for the Japanese Government

Dr. Murphy and her team made recommendations for the rescue, decontamination, transport and housing of pets with the goal to keep people and animals together. The initial evaluation and decontamination process would be conducted in the warm zone, the region where animals were exposed to radiation, but at potentially tolerable levels, by teams with proper personal protective equipment. The area would also serve as a sheltering location.

A cutoff of 100,000 counts per minute, a measurement of radiation determined by a Geiger-counter-like instrument, was set for livestock. For pets, the cutoff was 10,000 counts per minute as an added margin of safety. If an animal, after two baths, still registered higher, it was likely internally contaminated by self-grooming or by eating or drinking contaminated food or water. These animals were at risk for systemic damage, and could spread radiation through feces and urine; they were reevaluated on a 10-day cycle.

As a result of the summit, the Japanese government launched an operation to remove abandoned animals from inside the evacuation zone in Fukushima Prefecture. A “Temporary Coming Home Project” was created, allowing residents to return to the evacuation zone to locate their pets for removal by authorized personnel. Officials have reportedly allowed evacuees to bring pets out of the danger zone to live with their people in temporary housing.