
Diagnostic Imaging
What we do
We offer a comprehensive selection of diagnostic imaging modalities and a cross-disciplinary team of board-certified faculty-clinicians, residents, interns, and specialized nursing staff to manage the care of your animal.
At New Bolton Center, we believe in collaboration across all services. If we find an issue with your animal while we are studying imaging results, we’ll talk to you about how to best solve the problem.
Our Services
Types of Imaging
Our Services
Types of Imaging
Cardiac Imaging
The cardiology group specializes in assessing the significance of heart murmurs or arrhythmias detected in a pre-purchase setting, their impact on performance, and the evaluation and treatment of a wide variety of diseases. Heart murmurs and arrhythmias are evaluated using:
- Echocardiography (heart ultrasound)
- Electrocardiography (EKG)
- Continuous 24 hour electrocardiography (Holter monitoring)
- Cardiac troponin I analysis
About Arrhythmias and Atrial Fibrilation
We are skilled in treating cardiac arrhythmias and can perform both transvenous electrical cardioversion (TVEC) and quinidine conversion of atrial fibrillation. Horses are closely monitored with radiotelemetry electrocardiography throughout the cardioversion procedure or antiarrhythmic therapy.
About Holter Monitors and Cardiac Troponin I
Holter monitors and cardiac troponin I analysis are available to veterinarians for use in their practices. Instructions for requesting these services:Cardiac troponin I
Sports Medicine has the ability to analyze Troponin I, a cardiac muscle protein, to aid in the evaluation of suspected heart muscle injury. Referring veterinarians may send frozen or chilled plasma samples from their patients to the Cardiology Service of Sports Medicine for cTnI and expect results on the date of sample receipt. Please avoid shipping on weekends or holidays. For handling and submission instructions, please print the form, cTnl Order Form.
Holter Monitor
Sports Medicine offers rental, analysis and reporting on 24 hour Holter monitors. A Holter monitor is placed on the horse at the farm by the client’s veterinarian for the continuous recording of electrocardiogram (EKG). Once returned to New Bolton Center, the Holter data is analyzed and reported. Referring veterinarians may call for scheduling and pricing, 610-925-6359. For submission of patient information, please print the form, Holter Monitor Order Form.
Computed Tomography (CT)
Under general anesthesia, computed tomography (CT) illustrates bony and soft tissue lesions in transverse slices that usually can’t be seen in standard radiographic imaging.
The Use of CT Scans During Surgery
The use of computed tomography (CT) scans during orthopedic surgery to characterize a bone break has been seminal in the treatment protocols. The surgeon can easily comprehend a complete three-dimensional configuration of a fracture.

Many repairs are done with minimally invasive surgery, using a combination of the CT, intraoperative fluoroscopy (real-time X-ray), and arthroscopy. The procedure is performed through tiny incisions instead of surgically opening up the leg.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a technique that uses a magnetic field and radio waves to create detailed images of the organs and tissues within the body. MRI provides additional information beyond radiography, computed tomography (CT), and ultrasound.
O-Scan: High-Resolution MRI System

The O-Scan is a high-resolution MRI system for diagnostic imaging using a low-field magnet. The MRI is capable of imaging extremities, from the foot to the hock (tarsus) or knee (carpus). The system, manufactured by Esaote, can also be used for other large animals.
The MRI is used primarily for soft-tissue injuries associated with lameness, but detects bone injury as well. It provides functional (inflammatory) information, in addition to anatomic data.
All images are reviewed by the clinician on the case, as well as a board-certified radiologist, with reports available within 48 hours.
Available Studies

Foot, Bilateral feet
- The single-foot imaging includes a limited study of the opposite foot or a limited study of the pastern
Proximal suspensory, Bilateral suspensory
- Proximal suspensory includes a limited study of the opposite suspensory
Fetlock, Bilateral fetlock
Carpus, Bilateral carpus
Tarsus, Bilateral tarsus
Appointments are available Monday through Friday, to schedule an appointment, please call 610-925-6198 or email sportmed@vet.upenn.edu.
Nuclear Medicine
Nuclear medicine, commonly referred to as nuclear or bone scintigraphy, involves the administration of a radiopharmaceutical that binds to bone where there is injury, or at sites of active bone formation. Used in conjunction with lameness examination and diagnostic analgesia, this modality can assist in identifying the cause of lameness.
Potential Candidates for Nuclear Scintigraphy
Horses that might benefit from nuclear scintigraphy include:
- Horses with suspected stress related bone injury
- Horses in which radiographic images are negative or confusing
- Horses in which pain causing lameness can be localized using nerve blocks but the cause of pain cannot be determined on radiography and ultrasonography
- Horses with high-speed lameness, or poor performance
- Horses with numerous, subtle lameness abnormalities
- Horses with neck, back, or pelvic problems
- Horses with suspected soft tissue injury such as suspensory ligament, skeletal muscle, or soft tissue structures in the navicular region

Bone scan images are most valuable in horses in which a detailed lameness examination, done by your veterinarian or here at New Bolton Center, is completed before imaging and the results are then interpreted along with all other clinical and diagnostic information. Horses must remain in the hospital for 24 hours after radiopharmaceutical administration to allow the radioactivity to subside.
PET Scan
Limb fractures in horses are often fatal, so diagnosing and preventing these injuries are essential to equine health. An Equine PET (Positron Emission Tomography) Scan is a nuclear medicine imaging technique, similar to scintigraphy.
Both scintigraphic and PET scans detect “hot spots” that may indicate microscopic changes that may develop into more severe injuries. Initially, this type of imaging required horses to undergo general anesthesia. Today, the procedure can be done with simple sedation.
What to Expect
A small dose of a radioactive agent is injected about 30 minutes prior to imaging. This agent distributes through the body and accumulates in regions with increased bone turnover. Once the horse is sedated, the procedure takes between 3-5 minutes to image each site. In less than 30 minutes, both front feet and both front fetlocks can be imaged.
Results

CT/PET fused images of a fetlock in a horse demonstrate many sites of uptake of the radioactive agent in the fetlock indicating multiple sites of bone injury
CT/PET fused images of a carpus (knee) in a horse demonstrate significant uptake of the radioactive agent in the third carpal bone indicating bone injury
Radiology
Radiology encompasses digital imaging in the radiology and surgery suites, stall-side imaging, and imaging in the field.
An 800 mA X-ray generator in the radiology suite provides imaging for standing, adult large animals; covering head, neck, chest, shoulders, elbows, and stifles. Standing radiographs of the abdomen assist in diagnosis of gastrointestinal and urinary bladder abnormalities. Myelograms can also be performed on the cervical spine as well as radiographs of the pelvis and lower spine.
For information or to schedule an appointment, please call 610-925-6198 or email sportmed@vet.upenn.edu.
Robotic Imaging
Penn Vet was the world’s first veterinary teaching hospital to use a robotics-controlled imaging system.
This system has proven value for both clinical and research applications for both animal and human medicine.
What We offer
- Robotic imaging of the head, cervical spine and distal limb (mid-radius to foot and distal tibia to foot)
- Esophagrams / TVEC fluoroscopy
- Obtaining CT scans with New Bolton Center’s robotic imaging system offers unique advantages:
- The system enables our radiologists to diagnose conditions difficult to detect with other imaging modalities.
- New Bolton Center’s board-certified radiologists interpret the scans and are available to assist in the image acquisition.
- The patient is awake and standing, unencumbered by an enclosed gantry.
- Obtaining the scans with sedation instead of anesthesia saves time and money, and decreases risk to the patient.
- Acquiring a scan takes less time.
- The modality produces high quality, multi-planar reconstructions and 3D images.
- Two-dimensional and three dimensional CT scans
- Digital radiographic studies
- Fluoroscopy with a high-speed radiographic camera
- Tomosynthesis, high-resolution images of focused area of clinical interests
- Most specialists at New Bolton Center use this technology for more precise diagnostics, including:
- Surgery, particularly orthopedics
- Sports medicine
- Neurology
- Cardiovascular medicine
- Internal medicine
- Penn Vet researchers and clinicians collaborate with colleagues at Penn Medicine, Nemours Children’s Health System, and other human medical centers about possible applications of the new imaging system.
- Ability to compensate for accidental motion opens possibilities to image infants and children while awake
- Imaging patients in motion could improve evaluations of the back, elbow, shoulder, and knee
- Possibilities for intraoperative imaging during surgery
- New opportunities for research
Ultrasonography
Ultrasound is an integral part of evaluating the lame horse, the horse with colic, the high-risk pregnant mare, and the sick neonatal foal. It is used to guide biopsies and injections, improving the accuracy and safety of these procedures over ‘blind’ techniques. For information or to schedule an appointment, please call 610-444-5800.
Appointments may be made by the owner, trainer, or referring veterinarian.
Our Care Team

Service Chief, Radiology
Kathryn W. Bills, VMD, DACVR, DACVR-EDI
Associate Professor of Clinical Large Animal Diagnostic Imaging
Clinicians
Our clinicians come from various backgrounds, including expertise in cardiac, CT, MRI, radiology, ultrasonography, and robotic imaging, ensuring comprehensive and advanced diagnostic services.
Residents and Staff
Charmaine Tam
Resident, Equine Diagnostic Imaging
Andrew Collins
Resident, Equine Diagnostic Imaging
Rachel Durrwachter, VMD
Resident, Radiology
Julia Fox, DVM
Resident, Radiology
Natalie Goolik, DVM
Resident, Radiology
Elisa Heacock, VMD
Resident, Radiology
Robb Kessel, VMD
Resident, Radiology
Yu (May) Wang, DVM
Resident, Radiology
Robert Wise, DVM
Resident, Radiology
Jin Yu, DVM
Resident, Radiology
Carole Johnson, RTR
Director, Imaging & Clinical Service
Sports Medicine & Imaging
Katie Minacci
Supervisor of Sports Medicine and Imaging Technicians
Josh Benson
Advanced Imaging Technical Specialist
Jess Harris
Imaging Technician
Juliette Hopkins
Imaging Technician
Dannielle Snyder
Imaging Technician